Civil aviation is concerned with the safe and expeditious movement of people and freight from one point on the globe's surface to some other desired point. The responsibility for this safe passage is that of the pilots of the aircraft involved. In this responsibility they are assisted by ground-based systems and personnel. Safety is maintained by assuring adequate separation of aircraft, and to this end appropriate procedures and recommended practices have been devised by the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO). Many countries provide an air traffic control (АТС) service in at least part of their airspace. Pilots are required to file flight plans before their departure so that their intentions are understood and their flight can be integrated with other air traffic.
The degree of separation required for aircraft is influenced by the quality and accuracy of the position data available. In sparsely populated areas external aids to the pilot can be few and far between and separations of as much as 30 min of travel can be set for aircraft on the same course. These procedural separations are very generous since they are dependent on the aircraft's own navigation accuracy and allowance must be made for possible errors in navigation. However, they are inappropriate in areas of dense traffic, and the use of ground radar is required in order to handle demands on airspace without prejudicing safety.

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