Year: 1968
Author: Jan Rypka (et al.)
Publisher: Dordrecht, Reidel Publishing Company.
Genre: monographies
English language
Format: DjVu / PDF
Number of pages: xxviii + 928 (+ map at the end of the file)
This very voluminous volume includes works by Czech Iranians on the history of Persian literature, covering almost the entire period of its existence. Especially distinguished is the classic monograph by Jan Ripka, which was translated into Russian during Soviet times. More detailed information on those included in that publication will give the table of contents given in the distribution.
Cover 1
Title 7
FOREWORD 9
Contents 13
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS 25
GUIDE TO PRONUNCIATION 29
ERRATA 31
OTAKAR KLÍMA: AVESTA. ANCIENT PERSIAN INSCRIPTIONS. MIDDLE PERSIAN LITERATURE 33
I. ANCIENT EASTERN-IRANIAN CULTURE 35
A. The Beginnings of Iranian Culture 35
B. The First States 36
C. Zarathushtra 37
D. Avesta 39
1. The Gathas 39
2. Yasna, Visprat 40
3. The Yashts 41
4. Videvdat 44
5. Minor Texts 47
6. Traditions regarding the Origin of the Avesta 48
7. Beginnings of Iranian Philology. Significance of the Avesta 49
II. THE CULTURE OF THE ANCIENT MEDES AND PERSIANS 50
A. The Medes and Persians 50
B. The Achaemenids. Character of their Government and Languages of their Realm 51
C. The Inscriptions of the Achaemenids 52
D. Traces of the Lost Literature 54
E. Old Persian Learning in Europe 55
III. THE MIDDLE PERSIAN ERA 57
A. The Arsacids 57
1. Alexander the Great, the Seleucids, the Parthians 57
2. The Literature of the Parthian Era 58
3. The Earliest Records of Middle Iranian Literature 59
4. Middle Iranian Dialects 61
5. Inscriptions from Arsacid Times 61
6. Coins of the Pre-Sasanian Period 62
B. The Sasanians 62
1. Inscriptions 62
2. Other Records. Seals, Gems, Coins, Documents 64
C. Middle Persian Book-Literature 66
1. Pahlavi Literature 66
2. Middle Persian Translations of the Avesta (Zand) 67
D. Religious Pahlavi Literature 67
1. Religious Texts 67
2. The Andarz Books. Moralising, Apocalyptic, and Eschatological Literature 69
3. Collections of Traditions and Polemic Treatises 71
E. Secular Literature 75
1. Historical Belles-Lettres 76
2. Instructive Works on Political Affairs 77
3. Legal Writings. Papyri 79
4. The Frahangs 80
5. Poetry in the Middle Persian Period. Lyrical Poetry and Music 81
6. Foreign Influences in Middle Persian Literature 85
7. Persian Influences on other Literatures 86
8. Literature of the last Century of the Sasanian Era 87
9. Literature of the Sectarians and Dissenters. Zurvanism. Christianity 91
10. Middle Iranian Manuscripts 92
F. Discoveries in Central Asia 93
1. Manichaean Documents 93
2. Sogdian Literature 95
3. Remains of Khvarezmian Literature 96
4. Sakian Literature 97
IV. THE PERIOD OF TRANSITION TO NEW PERSIAN LITERATURE (The Advance of Islam and the Beginnings of New Persian) 98
JAN RYPKA: HISTORY OF PERSIAN LITERATURE UP TO THE BEGINNING OF THE 20TH CENTURY 101
I. INTRODUCTION 103
A. The Persian Language (Dari) 103
1. The Arabising of Persian 105
2. The Relation of Dialects to Persian Literature 106
3. The Script 106
B. National Individuality 108
1. The Conception of Unity and its Reverse - Regionalism 108
2. Religious Elation and its Nature 109
3. The Shi'a 110
4. The Tolerance of Persian Poetry 110
5. Adaptability and late Europeanisation 111
6. Artistic Perceptibility, Nature, and inborn Disposition for Poetry 112
7. The Spirit of Islam 113
8. The Relationship between Poetry and Prose. Problems of Literary History 113
9. The Influence of Sufism 115
10. Lack of Humour. The 'Satire' 115
11. The Influence of Despotism and Feudalism 116
12. Extravagance 116
13. Eros and its Expression: Allegory and Symbolism. Abstract Character of the Lyric. Homosexuality 117
C. Conservatism and Convention in Persian Literature 119
1. The Connection with Feudalism 119
2. Official Islam as a restraining Factor 120
3. Conservatism of the Oriental Conception of the Relation between Word and Thought 120
4. The Difficulties of the Westerner in Comprehending Persian and other Oriental Authors 121
5. Men of Genius and Epigones: The European School 122
D. Poetry and its Forms 123
1. The Outward Form 123
a. Fundamental Concepts 123
b. Metrics 124
с. Rhyme in Relation to Form 125
(1) Forms of Lyric Poetry 126
(2) Substance of Lyrical Forms 129
(3) The Form of the Epic and Didactic Poem 130
d. Strictness of Form. Efficiency of the System 130
e. Takhallus 131
2. The Inward Form of the Poetry 131
a. Characteristic Embellishments. Excess of Rhetoric 132
b. Prerequisites for the Poet 133
с. Peculiarities in the Train of Thought 134
d. Craftsmanlike Modelling of the Form 135
e. The Attitude of the Older Orientalists 135
f. Applicability of the Old Forms to Modern Life 135
g. Exclusive Nature of the Poetry 136
h. The Nature of Poetical Experience 136
j. The Specific Nature of Persian Poetry 137
k. Poets' Centres and the Division of Poetry into Periods 140
E. Prose 140
1. The Range of Persian Literature 142
2. Styles of Poetry as interpreted by M.Bahar and S.Nafisi 144
3. The Development of Literature in Political-historical Sequence 147
4. Muhammad Bahar's Classification of Prose into Periods according to Style 149
5. Zarre's Division into Periods 150
6. Sources for the History of Persian Literature 151
NOTES 152
II. THE BEGINNINGS OF PERSIAN LITERATURE 158
A. The Arab Occupation 158
1. The Ancient Culture and its Continuation 160
2. The Existence of a Middle Persian Poetry 164
3. The First Specimens of Persian Verse. Continuity of Middle and New Persian Verse 165
B. The Poets of the Tahirid and Saffarid Periods 167
C. Continuous Flow of Literature. Persian Writers in Arabic Literature (750-850) 168
NOTES 169
III. THE SAMANIDS (Middle of 3rd/9th century to end of 4th/12th) 171
A. Literature in the Samanid Period 172
1. Points of Contact between Persian and Contemporaneous Arabic Poetry. Character of the Latter. Fundamental Traits of the Earliest Period in Persian Poetry 173
2. Some Names 175
3. Rudaki, (Daqiqi), Kisa'i 176
4. Provincial Poets at the Courts of the Al-i Muhtaj in Chaghaniyan, Ziyarids and Buyids 178
5. General Characteristics of the First Period 179
B. The Earliest Monuments 180
1. The Earliest Poetry and Prose, including the Works of Avicenna and Al-Biruni 181
C. The Epic Tradition of Iran 183
D. Daqiqi 185
E. Firdausi 186
F. Epic Poems connected with the Shah-nama 194
G. Persian Authors in Arabic Literature (850-1000) 198
NOTES 198
IV. THE GHAZNAVID PERIOD (5th/nth century) 204
A. Yamin'd-Daula Sultan Mahmud of Ghazna 204
B. Mahmud's Attitude to Culture 205
C. The Panegyric Poets under Mahmud and his Successors 206
D. The Romantic Epic 209
E. Avicenna - his Importance and his Influence 211
NOTES 213
v. THE SELJUQ PERIOD (5th/11th to 6th/12th century) 215
A. The Rise of Panegyrism under Sultan Sanjar and during the Disintegration of the Seljuq Supremacy 216
B. Nasir-i Khusrau 217
C. 'Omar Khayyam 221
D. The Panegyric Poets 226
1. Qatran (Azerbayjan) 226
2. Mu'izzi and Azraqi (at the Seljuq Court) 227
3. Mas'ud-i Sa'd-i Salman, Hasan Ghaznavi-i and Abu'l-Faraj Runi (Ghaznavid India) 228
4. Adib Subir, Anvari and Mahsati (at the Court of the Seljuqs) 229
5. 'Am'aq (Bukhara) 231
6. Rashid Vatvat (Khvarazm) 232
E. The School of Azerbayjan 233
F. The Epic Poet Nizami and his Imitators Amir Khusrau and Maktabi 242
G. The Isfahan School: Jamalu'd-din, Kamalu'd-din Isma'il 245
H. The Satirist Suzani 246
VI. THE PROSE OF THE SELJUQ PERIOD (5th-6th/llth-I2th Century) 252
A. On the Border-line between Learned Literature (or Instruction) and Belles-Lettres 252
B. Belles-Lettres 254
C. Historical Works in Prose 256
D. Iranian Writers of Arabic (1000-1200 A.D.) 256
NOTES 256
VII. SUFISM 262
A. Origin, Development and Ideology of Sufism 262
B. Groups and Schools. Ritual 262
C. Sufi Symbolism 263
D. Beneficial and deleterious Effects of Sufism on Culture 264
E. The Quatrain Poets: Abu-Sa'id b. Abi'l-Khayr, (Baba Kuhi), Baba Tahir cUryan, Ansari, Baba Afdal 265
F. The Great Sufis: Sanai 'Attar, Maulavi 268
NOTES 274
VIII. THE MONGOLS 278
A. Sa'di. The Rise of the Ghazal 282
B. Sa'di's Contemporaries 285
C. Nizari 287
D. Indo-Persian Literature: Amir Khusrau, Najmu'd-din Hasan Sanjari 289
E. Panegyric Poets at the Smaller Courts : Khvaju, Ibn-i Yamin, Salman Savaji 292
F. The Lyric Poet Kamal Khujandi 294
G. Hafiz, the Ghazal at its Summit 295
H. Hafiz' Environment in Shiraz 303
NOTES 306
IX. TIMUR AND HIS SUCCESSORS 311
A. Cultural and Literary Life 311
B. Lyric and Epic Poetry under the Timurids 315
C. Jami 318
D. Outside Herat. Baba Fighani and his Influence. Lisani 320
X. THE SAFAVIDS 323
A. The Literature of this Epoch 324
1. The 'Indian' Style 327
2. The Classicists 329
B. Poets of the Safavid Period 329
С. Subsequent Development of the Indian Style 333
D. Sa'ib, Shaukat, Bidil 333
NOTES 334
XI. THE TURBULENT I2TH/l8TH CENTURY 337
A. Shiraz, Political Centre in the Second Half of the 12th/18th Century; 'Return' (Baz-Gasht) in Isfahan 338
B. Hazin 340
C. Shihab 341
NOTES 341
XII. LITERARY AND ASSOCIATED SPECIES OF PROSE DURING THE 7TH-I2TH/13TH-I8TH CENTURIES 343
A. Two Trends in Style: Extravagance and Simplicity 344
B. Husayn Va'iz; The Moral Philosophers 345
C. Vassaf (8th/i4th Century) and his Imitator Mahdi-Khan (12th/18th Century) 346
1. Indian Essay-Writing; Insha, 'Letter-Writing', 'Model Letters'; Tadhkiras, etc. 347
2. Belles-Lettres 348
3. Scholarly Works 349
NOTES 350
XIII. THE 13TH/19TH CENTURY 352
A. General Characteristics of the Century 352
B. Continuation of the Epigone 'Return' Movement with its Tendency towards Simplicity 355
C. 1800-1830 357
D. 1830-1850 360
1. Panegyrists: Qa'ani, Visai, Furughi 360
2. The Reaction to the Degeneration of the Social Order. The Satirist Yaghma 365
3. The First Prose-Reformer: Qa'im-Maqam. The Diaries of Nasiru'd-din and their Importance 367
E. Second Half of the I3th/i9th Century 368
1. Book-Printing 369
2. The Press 369
3. Daru'l-Funun and its First Director, Rida-Quli-Khan Hidayat 371
4. The Development of Learned Prose. Translations from Literature of the West 373
5. Trends towards Popularisation and Pro-Russian Reaction to the Occidental Cult. Talibuf 375
6. The Sole Philosopher of the I3th/i9th Century: Hadi Sabzavari 375
7. Classicism in Poetry, occasionally with Contemporary Themes: Sipihr, Huma, Surüsh, Shaybani, Shurida, Adib Nishapuri 376
8. Adibu'l-Mamalik 380
NOTES 380
VĚRA KUBÍČKOVÁ: PERSIAN LITERATURE OF THE 20TH CENTURY 385
I. BRIEF SURVEY OF THE ECONOMICO-POLITICAL SITUATION IN IRAN AFTER 1896 387
A. Struggle for a Constitution and Fall of the Qajars in the Period 1896-1921 387
B. The Rise of Rida Khan and his Path to Power 390
C. Changes in Home and Foreign Policy after 1941 391
II. CHARACTER OF THE LITERARY RENAISSANCE 394
A. The Press and its Role in the Literature of the Constitutional Period 397
B. The Beginnings of Modern Prose 401
С. Important Poets of the Constitutional Period 404
III. LITERARY LIFE IN THE YEARS I92I-I94I 411
A. Literary Reviews between 1921 and 1941 414
B. The Main Trends in Poetry 416
C. Persian Prose and the Rise of the Modern Short Story 421
IV. THE MAIN LITERARY TRENDS AFTER I94I 429
A. Important Literary and Cultural Periodicals of Recent Years 433
B. Brief Survey of Contemporary Persian Poetry 436
С. Persian Prose after 1941 438
1. The Novel and the Short Story with Historical Themes 438
2. Social Themes in Modern Prose 440
3. The Chief Representatives of the Short Story 442
FELIX TAUER: PERSIAN LEARNED LITERATURE FROM ITS BEGINNINGS UP TO THE END OF THE 18TH CENTURY 451
I. INTRODUCTION 453
II. PHILOSOPHY 457
III. PHILOLOGY 461
IV. HISTORY AND BIOGRAPHY 470
V. GEOGRAPHY 492
VI. THE EXACT SCIENCES 496
VII. THE NATURAL SCIENCES 502
VIII. MEDICINE AND PHARMACOLOGY 505
IX. ENCYCLOPAEDIAS 512
JÍŘÍ BEČKA: TAJIK LITERATURE FROM THE 16TH CENTURY TO THE PRESENT 515
I. BEFORE THE REVOLUTION 517
A. Introduction 517
В. The Parting of Iran and Central Asia 518
C. Characteristics of Tajik Literature from the 16th to the Early 20th Centuries 519
D. The Study of Tajik Literature 521
E. Periodisation 522
F. The 16th Century 523
1. Political and Economic Survey 523
2. Literature 526
a. 'Sabki hindi 528
b. Binoi 529
с Hiloli 532
d. Vosifi 533
e. Mushfiqi 534
G. The 17th Century 536
i. Historical Survey 536
2. Literature 537
a. Poetry of the Town Craftsmen 540
b. Saiido 541
H. The 18th Century up to the Russian Occupation of Central Asia 543
1. Historical Survey 543
2. Literature 544
a. Bedil and Bedilism 547
J. From the Russian Occupation to the October Revolution 552
1. Historical Survey 552
a. Jadidism 555
b. The Effect of the Russian Occupation of Central Asia 556
2. Literature 557
a. Folk-Poetry 561
b. Donish 561
с Savdo 564
d. Shohin 565
e. Hairat 566
f. Asiri 566
g. Aini 567
NOTES 568
II. AFTER THE REVOLUTION 578
A. Introduction 578
B. Political Development 579
C. Influences 581
D. Characteristics of Soviet Tajik Literature 582
E. Division into Periods 585
1. Development from 1917 to 1929 585
2. From 1929 to 1941 586
3. From 1941 to 1945 588
4. From 1945 to the Present 589
F. The Founders of Soviet Tajik Literature 591
1. Sadriddin Aini 591
2. Abulqosim Lohuti 592
3. Other Members of the First Generation 598
4. Javhari and the Poetess Ozod 603
G. The Second Generation 604
1. Prose 604
2. Poetry 609
H. The 'Third' and 'Fourth' Generations 617
1. Poetry 617
2. Prose 620
J. The Drama 621
1. From 1933 to 1941 622
2. From 1941 to 1945 624
3. From 1945 up to the Present 624
K. The Folk-Poets 627
L. The Study of Tajik Literature 630
M. The Press 632
JIŘÍ CEJPEK: IRANIAN FOLK-LITERATURE 639
I. INTRODUCTION 641
A. Contrasts between Folk-Literature and Polite Literature 641
B. Directions of Development of Iranian Folk-Literature 643
C. The Importance of Folk-Literature 645
II. IRANIAN FOLK-EPICS 649
A. Iranian Epical Subjects as conveyed by Classical Authors 649
B. Iranian Folk-Epics in Pre-Islamic Times 651
C. Iranian Subjects adopted in Arabic Literature 654
D. Folklore Foundations of Iranian Epical Poetry 657
E. Folklore Foundations of Iranian Romantic Epics 663
F. The Gwughli Epic Cycle and other Subjects of Iranian Folk-Epics 666
G. The Ossetian Nart Sagas and their Importance 672
H. The dastans - their Development and Connections 674
III. INTRODUCTION TO FOLK-TALES 681
A. Iranian Folk-Tales and Problems arising from them 681
B. Iranian Folk-Humour 689
IV. IRANIAN ENTERTAINMENT FOLK-LITERATURE 692
A. Collections of Fables, particularly Kalila and Dimna 692
B. 'Mirrors for Princes' and other Entertaining and Instructive Literature 693
C. The Iranian Element in the Book of A Thousand and One Nights and Similar Collections 695
D. The Thousand and One Days 698
V. WRITTEN FORMS OF FOLK-LITERATURE 702
A. Folk-Books - the Forerunners of Folk-Prints 702
B. Folk-Prints in General 703
C. Fantastic Romances of Chivalry in Folk-Print Form 703
D. Short Stories in Folk-Prints 705
E. Folk-Tales in Folk-Prints 706
F. Dream-Books and Handbooks for Astrologers and Fortune-Tellers 707
VI. THE INFLUENCE OF FOLK-LITERATURE IN MODERN PERSIAN AND TAJIK LITERATURE 709
VII. RELIGIOUS FOLK-LITERATURE 711
A. Religious Folk-Literature and its Relations to Folk-Tradition 711
B. Religious Folk-Literature as Primary Stage in Iranian Folk-Drama 712
VIII. DRAMATIC FOLK-LITERATURE IN IRAN 714
A. The tďziyas and other Religious Festivals and their Development 714
B. cUmar-kushan, Religious Parody and Farce 717
С Folk-Farces 718
D. Iranian Buffoons and their Productions 719
E. Shadow Plays 720
F. Glove Puppet Theatres 722
G. Marionette Theatres 722
H. Modern Drama and its Connections with Folk-Literature 723
IX. VERSE FORMS OF FOLK-LITERATURE 726
A. Folk-Quatrains 726
B. Lyric and Epic Folk-Songs 727
C. Folk-Couplets, Counting-Out and Nursery Rhymes 731
X. RIDDLES AND PROVERBS 733
XL CONCLUSION 737
JAN MAREK: PERSIAN LITERATURE IN INDIA 743
A. First Contacts between Iran and India in the Field of Literature. The Age of Mahmud Ghaznavl and Muhammad Ghorl 745
B. Literary Relations become closer. The Sultanate of Delhi 747
1. Hasan of Delhi 749
2. The Court of Sikandar Lodi 752
C. The Golden Age of Indo-Persian Literature. The Age of the Moguls 753
1. The Age of Akbar 754
2. The Age of Jahanglr 757
3. The Court of Shahjahan 758
4. The Age of Aurangzeb. The Decline of the Mogul Empire 761
D. The Retrogression of Persian as the Literary Language of India. The Poets as Bilinguists 763
JAN RYPKA: AN OUTLINE OF JUDEO-PERSIAN LITERATURE 767
SURVEY OF DYNASTIES 773
SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY 783
ADDENDA 895
INDEX 907
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