Charles A. Truxillo - By the Sword and the Cross - The Historical Evolution of
the Catholic World Monarchy in Spain and the New World, 1492-1825

Truxillo synthesizes Iberian and Latin American historical narratives of Spanish
colonies in order to accurately position Spain in world colonial history. As Spain
imposed its medieval Catholic culture upon the Americas, it successfully replaced
existing elite native cultures. Iberian culture became indigenous by way of cross-
culturalization, and Creole elites found independence inevitable once their way of
life became defined by American circumstances. Independence, however, as witnessed
by nineteenth-century events, did not necessarily insure political, social or
cultural viability.

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