Cambridge University Egyptologist Wilkinson (Lives of the Ancient
Egyptians) offers a revisionist view of the ugly life hidden by the splendors
and dazzling treasures of pharaonic Egypt. He shows in rich detail that it was
a brutal society where life was cheap, royal power absolute and established
through fear and coercion. Wilkinson finds unequivocal evidence in royal tombs
like that of First Dynasty king Djer (c. 2900 B.C.E.), surrounded by 318 buried
retainers, probably victims of human sacrifice. Even if construction workers
for Khufu's Great Pyramid at Giza ("the ultimate projection of absolute power")
were reasonably fed and housed, they were virtual, if not literal, slaves,
drafted to perform the perilous work. Later the fanatical, heretic king Akhenaten
built a new model city with grand temples where mountains of food were offered to
a sun god while his people were starving and severely overworked. The Ptolemies'
punitive economic policies unleashed a peasants' revolt that fatally weakened
their empire. This is a penetrating and authoritative overview of a violent
ancient civilization often revered by contemporary scholars and enthusiasts.

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