The abundant shellfish populations of the rich brackish waters of the coastal areas have been an important source of food from prehistoric times. Productive shellfish-harvesting waters have been decreasing at an alarming rate in recent times. Currently, of the fifteen million acres of national estuarine waters available for shellfish harvesting, only 64% are classified as approved and the amount of acreage available is decreasing annUally. The remaining areas are classified as prohibited, conditionally approved or restricted. Despite the growing problems, the shellfish industry is of vital importance to the economy of many coastal areas.
The safety of molluscan shellfish has been brought into question. The executive summary of the National Academy of Sciences, Institute of Medicine's Report on Seafood Safety, states that "available data from CDC and the Northeast Technical Services Unit (NETSU) of the Food and Drug Administration for 1978-87, as well as literature reports, suggest that the greatest number of seafoodassociated illnesses are from raw molluscan shellfish harvested in waters contaminated with raw or poorly treated human sewage. The majority of these illnesses have unknown etiologies suggestive of Norwalk or Norwalk-like agents that cause human viral gastroenteritis". In addition, there have been numerous reports on safety problems of raw molluscan shellfish. The safety of raw molluscan shellfish is determined by using environmental indicators of fecal pollution. With respect to shellfish, the indicator concept evolved early this century. Originally, the levels of indicators were related to contamination with Salmonella typhi, the causative agent of typhoid fever. In time, the safety concerns shifted from enteric bacterial pathogens, such as S. typhi, to enteric viruses; however, the indicator system that evolved is still being used to assess the safety of the harvesting waters and the molluscan shellfish. Concern over the adequacy of the indicator system has been noted in several reports. The current environmental indicator system cannot differentiate between fecal pollution from humans and animals.

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