This volume and its companion volume gather for the first time the lilerary and archaeological evidence for the Romanization of the Seleucid and Ptolemaic armies during the reigns of Antiochus IV Epiphanes of Syria (175-164 BC) and Ptolemy VI Philometor of Egypt (180-145 BC). It has long been realized that the late Hellenistic armies of the first century BC were equippedd and organized along Roman lines. It seems, however, that the process started during the second quarter of the second century, probably as a direct consequence of the Roman victory over Macedon at the Battle of Pydna in 168 BC. In this volume, which concerns the Seleucid army under Antiochus IV Epiphanes, a detailed description of the army during the 160s is given. The evidence for late Hellenistic military organization given by the military pamphlets of Ascklepiodotus, Aelian and Arrian is analysed and compared to late Seleucid military practice.

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